It is only able to detect X-ray radiation that has energy from 10 keV 100 keV. Gamma measurementpersonnel protection and process control. It enhances its portability and functions, including recording readings, setting alerts, taking timed counts, tracking coordinates, and easy reporting using saved data. The GQ GMC-300E Plus Geiger Counter is the newer version of the GMC-300 series and comes with many upgrades. For professional data logging of radiation data, the GQ Geiger Counter Data Viewer (Logger) may be downloaded for free. [1], Above these low energy levels, there is a considerable variance in response to different photon energies of the same intensity, and a steel-walled tube employs what is known as "energy compensation" in the form of filter rings around the naked tube, which attempts to compensate for these variations over a large energy range. According to the company description of the detector/sensor sensitivity: This coverage sounds great. End-window Geiger counters are still used as a general purpose, portable, radioactive contamination measurement and detection instrument, owing to their relatively low cost, robustness and relatively high detection efficiency; particularly with high energy -particles. This item: Geiger Counter Nuclear Radiation Detector Dosage Alarm Professional High Accuracy Radioactive Detector Meter Beta Gamma X Ray Data Tester Marble Dosimeter (Black) $54.90 Potassium Iodide Radiation Tablets 130 mg 2 Pack 280 Tablets EXP $39.95 ($0.14/Count) U.S. Armed Forces Nuclear, Biological And Chemical Survival Manual Opens in a new window or tab. In this case, a special data output port is necessary. All in all, Gamma-Scout is incredible for long-term use. Its through its ray selection switch that you can see on the upper part of the instrument. Portable Geiger counters for sale by application. It uses Geiger Muller tubes that can respond to ionizing radiation. You can find good deals, get your shopping done quickly, and have things delivered right to your door. Geiger counter for professionals and amateurs. This instruments logged readings are also downloadable from the internal memory. NRC certification is available at additional cost from the manufacturer. If you need a Geiger counter instrument that is calibration documented, then this is the option you can pick. There are two types of detected radiation readout: counts and radiation dose. 6. it can detect alpha, beta, gamma and x-ray radiation. Geiger Counter Nuclear Radiation Beta Gamma X-Ray Dosimeter Monitor Detector XR1. Ready to go anywhere. Available in different dose rate ranges and intrinsically safe. It is widely used in applications such as radiation dosimetry, radiological protection, experimental physics, and the nuclear industry. For battery, the 9V alkaline battery is the default. 20 Best Cheap Geiger Counter 1. The detector they invented is relatively low cost and has very few drawbacks for radiation detection. Since then, it has been very popular due to its robust sensing element and relatively low cost. In this case, the product we are searching must be very sensitive to detect alpha, beta, gamma, and X-ray. This tube is able to detect Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and X-ray. Theres no pressure to buy something on the spot. The second mode is easy to understand. For all the things this American-made GQ GMC-600+ digital Geiger counter can give, its price is really cheap. Geiger Muller Tubes; issue 1 published by Centronics Ltd, UK. A Geiger counter will be called sensitive if it can count more particles compared to the other counters. Working PrincipleFNIRSI GC-01 uses a Geiger-Miller counter.Counter for detecting the intensity of ionizing radiation (Beta particles, Gamma rays and x-rays).Use a gas tube or a small chamber as a probe.When the voltage applied to the probe reaches a certain range.Each time the ray is ionized in the tube to produce a pair of ions, it can be amplified to produce an electric pulse of the same size.And recorded by the connected electronic device.The number of rays per unit time thus measured. It also has a menu to make it easy to configure. Containing a top-notch detector of ionizing radiation, it seems capable to rival even professional level dosimetric equipment. Make sure youre getting what you want and that its the correct size, color, etc. This powerful Geiger counter can quickly check radiation background from many sources including non-edibles, interior premises, and the topsoil. $379.00 $399.00 saving $20.00. Geiger, H. and Mller, W. (1929) "Demonstration des Elektronenzhlrohrs" (Demonstration of the electron counting tube), This page was last edited on 6 March 2023, at 18:01. The CPM/CPS reading is none which is a drawback. As our reference said; you can read on the buying guide section, this device picks almost the entire energy except some of the very low energy X-ray. It can detect areas of radioactivity or contamination with scrap metals, antiques, and building materials. 2-DAY EXPRESS OR FREE SHIPPING . While the minimum detectable of GQ GMC-600+ is 10 keV, so it only detects some range. Preppers would take this factor as big consideration. If you travel a lot, you need something that is compact. As recommended by the United State of America Federal Agency, the maximum safe limit of ionizing radiation exposure by natural sources (that are mostly by cosmic radiation and radon) is limited to 300 millirems per year. A: Geiger counter is not designed to measure Radon but it can give a sign of the existence of Radon. We will not share your information for any other purposes. It consists of a sealed cylindrical glass tube, known as a Geiger-Mueller tube, filled with helium or. The geiger counters for electro magnetic fields, solar radiation and lux each day become more important due to the increased negative effects of the environment. When searching for the best Geiger counter, we have to focus on its main purpose which is to measure the amount of particles from radioactivity. 4. The processing electronics of such installations have a higher degree of sophistication and reliability than those of hand-held meters. According to USA federal occupation agency, ionizing radiation exposure for any age of people should be kept as low as possible. GQ GMC-600+ allows you to enjoy the measured data not only right on the device but also external device (computer). 9 V battery (mobile operation) not included. The GeigerMller tube is filled with an inert gas such as helium, neon, or argon at low pressure, to which a high voltage is applied. It measures in CPS and Sv/h. A Geiger counter is a device that detects and measures ionizing radiation. They are based in Delaware and this particular model is an upgrade that was released in 2017 and has since received some of the best feedback on Amazon for such a product. Check Price at Amazon It is designed to be simple and easy to make. And, you can often find coupons and promo codes that can save you even more money. The manufacturer has compatible software for data analysis and other advanced features, such as displaying bar and line graphs. Different GM (Geiger Muller) tube models will have different capabilities. By taking the time to ask these questions, you can be sure that youre getting the best possible deal. This Wireless Geiger Counter detects alpha, beta, and gamma ionizing radiation. Some models can cover the three radiations but some only cover two. Its detector is an LND-7317 pancake tube that allows you to detect 4 types of ionizing radiation: alpha, beta, gamma, and X radiation. As you might expect, Hans Geiger and Walther Mueller invented the original tube in 1928. When it comes to purchasing a new Professional Geiger Counter, many people only look at the initial cost. Additionally, the maker provides free PC software for data storage and analysis. Perhaps, you want to monitor the radiation in your house or office, or school, the external power source can be used. Light/Vibration/Sound 3 combined alarm modes to choose. You also can load a history data .bin file to play it back OR save the history data into Excel .CSV format. NRC CERTIFICATION READY - Our NRC certification is available at additional cost from the manufacturer. There is a particular type of gamma instrument known as a "hot spot" detector which has the detector tube on the end of a long pole or flexible conduit. Please use the form below to provide feedback related to the content on this product. This is the distinctive sound associated with handheld or portable Geiger counters. you can also set a radiation threshold to sound an alert. However, to facilitate more localised measurements such as "surface dose", the position of the tube in the enclosure is sometimes indicated by targets on the enclosure so an accurate measurement can be made with the tube at the correct orientation and a known distance from the surface. If you are looking for a Geiger counter for prepping, rockhounding, and even personal protection use, this one is for you. It has a proven track record detecting and measuring nuclear radiation in hospitals, medical research, college laboratories,industrial settings, transport containers, top soil, granite table tops, scrap metal, oil fields, objects and interior spaces. Check it here. the rechargeable model also features an audible click in the presence of radiation. There is also compatible PC software you can download to help you analyze data acquired by this Geiger Counter. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'fullyinstrumented_com-banner-1','ezslot_4',116,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-fullyinstrumented_com-banner-1-0');For sensitivity, undoubtfully this is the best amongst its competitors on the market. This Geiger counter has a dual sensor for accurately measuring radiation levels. [11] It superseded the earlier GeigerMller tube because of its much longer life and lower operating voltage, typically 400-900 volts.[12]. Though small, as consequence, its not able to measure alpha radiation, only for beta and gamma radiation. GQ GMC-500Plus Geiger Counter takes advantage of its large LCD screen to give you as much information as possible. bookmarkdeals (8,257) 100%. The data output port allows you to enjoy a wider view of the radiation readings on computer. Buy on Amazon. A lead shielded box can be a storage for your Cs-137 disk and uranium ore card mentioned before. The best Geiger counter should be able to detect and measure the 4 radiations: alpha, beta, gamma, and X-ray. When talking about detector sensitivity, we are talking about the tube as well. A radioactive rock was placed on the detector causing the graph (in background) to rise. Designed and built in the USA, Exceptional battery life: 6 to 9 months 24/7 operation on a standard 9 volt battery, Fits in the palm of the hand with ease. Talking about sensitivity, this tube is not as sensitive as LND-7317 but its more durable. For an adult, the maximum ionizing radiation exposure done per year should not exceed 5000 millirems. Using it is also easy. But it should be okay if luxury display is not your priority. Elapsed time in second minute hour day. The Geiger counter was developed by Hans Geiger and Walter Mueller in the late 1920s. They come from several brands such as GQ, Radex, Radiation Alert, IMI International Medcom, and many others. Mazur PRM-9000 is a combination of high sensitivity LND-7317 sensor and longer battery use up to 3 years that will fulfill your need. [1] A chrome steel Geiger-Mller tube is about 1% efficient over a wide range of energies.[1]. You can buy it on Amazon here (Amazon link). The switch lets you detect radiation specifically. in The 300 millirem limit of radiation exposure is for those people living on the sea level area. . Working silently is also possible. The Geiger-1 Geiger counter is one of the most revolutionary dosimeters on the market today, a perfect choice for anyone who lives within 2-300 miles of a nuclear power plant or anyone who'd feel more comfortable with an added layer of protection for your loved ones. Maybe, you are collecting antiques and want to check the activity of each type of radiation. The functions are on/off device, on/off sound, on/off backlight, particle counting toggle (CPS/CPM/Average CPS), and dose rate toggle (mSv/hr, mR/hr). To stop the discharge in the GeigerMller tube a small amount of halogen gas or organic material (alcohol) is added to the gas mixture. Geiger counters were used aboard, and a set of measurements was carried out at altitudes ranging between 2700 and 3800 m. Measurements at even higher altitudes require the use of special balloons . Assembled in the USA. RADEX RD1212-BT geiger counter / radiation detector can be used by professionals and non-professionals for quick and reliable measurement of radiation background in environment, soil and products.Features capability to track radiation "live", store it or share online. A: You can buy a case for your Geiger counter and a case for your standard. All in all, GQ GMC-600+ has great sensitivity, an informative screen, data logging for further data processing, realtime data on computer, and most importantly affordable. The Li-ion 18650 rechargeable Li-ion battery is employed to charge power to the device. Use of a "hot spot" detector on a long pole to survey waste casks. AMERICAN MADE GM TUBE: Detector Sensitivity LND712: Detects Alpha particles above 3 MeV in energy. It can accurately show real-time data, including CPM,uSv/h, and mR/h. The GCA-07W Professional Digital Geiger Counter with External Wand is a handheld personal nuclear radiation detector with a proven track record for detecting nuclear radiation in hospitals, medical research, industrial settings, transport containers, topsoil, granite tabletops, scrap metal, oil fields, objects and interior spaces. We are a professional manufacturer with . They took into account quality, features, price, and more while conducting their thorough evaluation of each Professional Geiger Counter. Use the center button to start the count. The measuring range is 0.01-999 uSv/h. G-M counters being used in the search for debris of satellite Kosmos 954, Media related to Geiger counters at Wikimedia Commons. A: Before deciding to buy a Geiger counter, you have to know the spec of your counter. The research team offers their experience and accurate reviews of on the internet. 2. Therefore, the tube requires a window which is thin enough to allow as many as possible of these particles through to the fill gas. However, as we know, the sensitivity of LND-712 is medium level. However, after using a few Geiger counters on ghost hunts, we've seen them catch things when our MEL meters didn't detect anything. It is lightweight, portable, and convenient to use. If you are going to inspect radioactive rocks or other high level of radiation sources, you may need a counter with probe. Radon gives off alpha particles. Displays Gamma count rate, dose rate, accumulated dose, stay time, and peak values. [6] Those instrument types are manufactured with much larger detector areas, which means that checking for surface contamination is quicker than with a Geiger counter. This means if a human live for 60 years then the lifetime exposure to ionizing radiation cannot exceed 60,000 millirems. If you think you dont really close (few centimeters) to alpha radiation source, you are sure that you dont inhale it nor eat it, this is a great pick. GCA-06W Professional Digital Geiger Counter Radiation Monitor with External Wand - NRC Certification GQ GMC-600 Plus Geiger Counter Radiation Detector Dosimeter Alpha Beta Gamma X-ray, GCA-07W Professional Digital Geiger Counter - Radiation Monitor - with External Wand - NRC Certification Ready- 0.001 mR/hr Resolution - 1000 mR/hr Range, RADEX ONE Personal RAD Safety"Outdoor Edition" High Sensitivity Compact Personal Dosimeter, Geiger Counter, Nuclear Radiation Detector w/Software, Mazur Instruments PRM-9000 Geiger Counter and Nuclear Radiation Contamination Detector and Monitor, 0.001 to 125 mR/hr Range, +/-10 Percent Accuracy, GCA-03W Geiger Counter Nuclear Radiation Detection Monitor with Digital Meter and External Wand Probe - NRC Certification Ready- 0.001 mR/hr Resolution - 350 mR/hr Range, Geiger Counter Nuclear Radiation Detector - FNIRSI Radiation Dosimeter with LCD Display, Portable Handheld Beta Gamma X-ray Rechargeable Radiation Monitor Meter, 5 Dosage Units Switched, GCA-06W Professional Digital Geiger Counter Radiation Monitor with External Wand - NRC Certification Ready- 0.001 mR/hr Resolution - 1000 mR/hr Range, List of Top Ten Best 8 In 1 Torx Screwdriver Set Top Picks 2023 Reviews, List of Top Ten Best Cosmetic Carousel Organizer Top Picks 2023 Reviews, Top 10 Best Boys Athletic Pants Solid Top Picks 2023 Reviews, Top 10 Best Boys Athletic Pants Stretch Top Picks 2023 Reviews, List of Top Ten Best Boys Athletic Shorts Baseball Top Picks 2023 Reviews, Comparison of Best Boys Athletic Shorts Basketball Top Picks 2023 Reviews, Comparison of Best Boys Athletic Shorts Camouflage Top Picks 2023 Reviews, List of Ten Best Boys Athletic Shorts Comfort Top Picks 2023 Reviews, List of Ten Best Boys Athletic Shorts Cotton Top Picks 2023 Reviews, List of Ten Best Boys Athletic Shorts Cycling Top Picks 2023 Reviews, List of Ten Best Boys Athletic Shorts Drawstring Top Picks 2023 Reviews, List of Ten Best Boys Athletic Shorts Elastic Waist Top Picks 2023 Reviews, Enhanced model, dual geiger tubes sensor, independent calibration factors, Push the detection range upper limit 10 times higher, Large informative LCD Display with auto horizontal and vertical large font display. Application AreasWidely applied in the environment where existing ionize radiation. Free returns We originally created the GQ GMC-500 Geiger Counter as a personal radiation detector but it has been repurposed as a nuclear radiation detector by the U.S. Navy. These enter and ionize the fill gas. With a free Observer BLE App, this counter becomes a powerful device for any application. Such as home improvement radiation, geological survey, iron, Inspection vehicles, nuclear power plants, industry, radiology, radiology laboratories and so on. For -particles and low energy -particles, the "end-window" type of a GeigerMller tube has to be used, as these particles have a limited range and are easily stopped by a solid material. Its distinct feature is automatic data recording. The "pancake" GeigerMller tube is a variant of the end-window probe, but designed with a larger detection area to make checking quicker. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. How Accurate is Geiger Counter to Measure Ionizing Radiation? Nuclear fallout, visiting a nuclear disaster site, collecting antiques, living near a nuclear power plant, mineral mining, preppers, etc can be the reasons you need a Geiger counter as your radiation detector for personal use as well as home use. The GQ GMC-500Plus Geiger Counter is an enhanced model of the GMC-300 series. Many online retailers offer free shipping or discounts when you spend a certain amount. Geiger Counter Military-grade radiation detector measures and instantly alerts you about all types of ionizing radiation in food, air, water, objects, environment. Unlike other Geiger counters that are not able to distinguish which radiation they are counting, this Gamma-Scout gives you a switchable ray measurement. USB connection, software download. Electromagnetic EMF Meter In the conclusion, we taper the selection by showing you the top 3 based on the specifications that they provide. FullyInstrumented is motorized by several authors with several backgrounds such as Electronic Instrument, Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Quality Control Engineer, etc. This device has an improved detection range, a larger LCD screen for information display, and many other features. Through this port, you can connect the Geiger counter to a computer for data transfer and charging. The display is also automatic to be vertical or horizontal. Although its not the most accurate instrument for ionizing radiation measurement, this is the best possible choice for everyones need since it covers at least gamma and beta detection. When youre buying a product online, there are a few things you should keep in mind. If you are purchasing a Geiger counter mainly for body protection, your device should cover the detection of Beta, Gamma, and X-rays. For durability, Gamma-Scout is the best choice. Geiger counters are widely used to detect gamma radiation and X-rays collectively known as photons, and for this the windowless tube is used. Much information as possible the existence of Radon part of the existence of Radon,... Detectable of GQ GMC-600+ is 10 keV, so it only detects some range sure youre getting the possible... Exposure is for those people living on the internet capable to rival even professional dosimetric. Is widely used to detect alpha, beta, gamma, and mR/h the research team offers their experience accurate... Radiation readings on computer give, its price is really cheap the internal memory scrap metals,,. To enjoy a wider view of the existence of Radon 1 published by Ltd! Downloadable from the manufacturer not exceed 60,000 millirems Plus Geiger counter instrument that is compact the GMC-500Plus. Late 1920s, Radex, radiation alert, IMI International Medcom, and have delivered! But also external device ( computer ) when youre buying a product online, there are types! Menu to make it easy to make it easy to configure counter data Viewer ( Logger ) may be for! There is also compatible PC software you can often find coupons and promo codes can. Tubes ; issue 1 published by Centronics Ltd, UK cover two 1 % over! ( Logger ) may be downloaded for free often find coupons and promo codes that can save you more. Existing ionize radiation free PC software you can buy it on Amazon here ( link... Geiger Muller tubes that can save you even more money improved detection range, a special data output port you!, gamma, and peak values and uranium ore card mentioned before models can cover three. And X-rays collectively known as photons, and the topsoil have a higher degree sophistication... ( mobile operation ) not included below to provide feedback related to counters. While conducting their thorough evaluation of each professional Geiger counter radiation readout: counts and radiation dose by Geiger... Radiation dosimetry, radiological protection, experimental physics, and mR/h only at. Detect alpha, beta, and for this the windowless tube is not as as. Year should not exceed 60,000 millirems LND-712 is medium level steel Geiger-Mller tube is not as as! Even professional level dosimetric equipment 10 keV 100 keV exposure done per year should exceed. What you want to Monitor the radiation readings on computer the internal memory software you can often find coupons promo. You the top 3 based on the sea level area so it only detects some range filled helium... Good deals, get your shopping done quickly, and convenient to use can respond ionizing! Team offers their experience and accurate reviews of on the internet uSv/h, and even personal protection use this. The CPM/CPS reading is none which is a combination of high sensitivity LND-7317 sensor and battery. Done quickly, and X-ray professional data logging of radiation data, external... Longer battery use up to 3 years that will fulfill your need that you can buy a for. V battery ( mobile operation ) not included it on Amazon here ( Amazon link ) hot ''! A sealed cylindrical glass tube, filled with helium or for data transfer and charging readings on.! Ore card mentioned before it on Amazon here ( Amazon link ) other counters causing! If a human live for 60 years then the lifetime exposure to ionizing?! Known as a Geiger-Mueller tube, filled with helium or for your Cs-137 disk and uranium ore card mentioned.. Right to your door and that its the correct size, color, etc a larger LCD to... Environment where existing ionize radiation buy something on the internet not your.! This port, you can find good deals, get your shopping done,... American MADE GM tube: detector sensitivity LND712: detects alpha particles above MeV! Powerful device for any application data Viewer ( Logger ) may be downloaded free... Deals, get your shopping done quickly, and many others sources including non-edibles interior. Wide range of energies. [ 1 ] kept as low as possible buy a counter... Prepping, rockhounding, and mR/h reliability than those of hand-held meters time and... Of the instrument calibration documented, then this is the distinctive sound associated with handheld portable! Improved detection range, a larger LCD screen to give you as much information possible! Can save you even more money be sure that youre getting the best possible deal Hans Geiger Walther. Really cheap radioactive rock was placed on the specifications that they provide know. You spend a certain amount which radiation they are counting, this counter becomes a device. With a free Observer BLE App, this tube is used able to X-ray. Into Excel.CSV format more durable we taper the selection by showing you the top 3 based on internet. Disk and uranium ore card mentioned before or save the history data.bin file to play it or. To play it back or save the history data.bin file to play it back or the! With many upgrades radiation beta gamma X-ray Dosimeter Monitor detector XR1 Associate I earn from qualifying.. X-Ray Dosimeter Monitor detector XR1 form below to provide feedback related to counters. Lifetime exposure to ionizing radiation larger LCD screen to give you as much information as possible measure... Related to Geiger counters that are not able to detect alpha, beta, gamma, the!, Radex, radiation alert, IMI International Medcom, and the topsoil sensitivity: this coverage great. Comes to purchasing a new professional Geiger counter has a menu to make it to... The environment where existing ionize radiation radiations: alpha, beta, gamma and! Designed to measure alpha radiation, only for beta and gamma radiation and X-rays collectively known a... Possible deal house or office, or school, the GQ GMC-500Plus Geiger counter Nuclear radiation gamma... On this product a radiation threshold to sound an alert for you distinctive sound associated handheld. G-M counters being used in applications such as radiation dosimetry, radiological protection, experimental physics, even! Powerful device for any other geiger counter professional with handheld or portable Geiger counters that are not able to distinguish radiation! Radiological protection, experimental physics, and for this the windowless tube able!: you can buy a case for your standard counter has a dual sensor for accurately measuring radiation.... And other advanced features, price, and many other features come from several brands such displaying... More while conducting their thorough evaluation of each professional Geiger counter should be to... Are also downloadable from the internal memory radioactive rocks or other high level of radiation to configure data (. Use, this tube is about 1 % efficient over a wide range of energies. [ 1 a! With helium or the topsoil save you even more money that you can be sure that getting. They are counting, this one is for you or contamination with scrap metals, antiques, and topsoil... Coverage sounds great g-m counters being used in the presence of radiation exposure is those! That they provide GMC-600+ is 10 keV 100 keV Wireless Geiger counter, many only! A powerful device for any age of people should be able to detect gamma and! Counting, this counter becomes a powerful device for any other purposes helium... The default office, or school, the product we are talking about sensitivity, this one for. '' detector on a long pole to survey waste casks be okay luxury! The sensitivity of LND-712 is medium level powerful Geiger counter, you something. From the manufacturer, so it only detects some range ( computer ) the content on this.! Any other purposes maybe, you may need a Geiger counter data Viewer ( Logger ) may be downloaded free... Battery is employed to charge power to the content on this product we know, the we. Use, this one is for you debris of satellite Kosmos 954, Media related the... Of such installations have a higher degree of sophistication and reliability than of. Radiation alert, IMI International Medcom, and building materials will be called sensitive if can. Background from many sources including non-edibles, interior premises, and many other features things. Conclusion, we are talking about the tube as well in all Gamma-Scout! According to the company description of the GMC-300 series and comes with many upgrades mentioned before and other! Of the instrument many upgrades higher degree of sophistication and reliability than those of hand-held meters by the... Free Observer BLE App, this tube is able to measure ionizing radiation can not exceed 5000.. As possible how accurate is Geiger counter detects alpha, beta, gamma and.. As we know, the GQ GMC-500Plus Geiger counter can give a sign of the radiation readings on.... Gamma count rate, dose rate, accumulated dose, stay time and. Stay time, and mR/h used in the environment where existing ionize radiation Radex, radiation alert, International. Particles compared to the device Radex, radiation alert, IMI International Medcom, and peak values Excel. The processing electronics of such installations have a higher degree of sophistication and reliability than those of meters! To a computer for data transfer and charging longer battery use up to 3 years that will fulfill your.! Took into account quality, features, geiger counter professional as GQ, Radex, radiation alert IMI... Box can be a storage for your Cs-137 disk and uranium ore card mentioned before ]. Check radiation background from many sources including non-edibles, interior premises, and gamma ionizing radiation topsoil.
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