Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and . Four articles were not found because they lacked abstracts and/or keywords. Additionally, alternative mining systems are suitable comparators. Data type Both quantitative and qualitative research were included. Cite this article. Impact of the mining industry on the mental health of landholders and rural communities in southwest Queensland. 1). Mining also affects people and societies. Teng M, et al. This systematic map forms part of a broader knowledge synthesis project called 3MK (Mapping the impacts of Mining using Multiple Knowledges, https://osf.io/cvh3u). These substances are highly toxic and are responsible for dissolving unwanted compounds to obtain the minerals you want to extract from the earth. The mine environmental impact of a project area are changes in environmental parameters, in space and time, compared with its status prior to mining (John 1988). AMBIO. for only $11.00 $9.35/page. Titles were screened by three reviewers (NRH, JJT, CA). We define stakeholders and rightsholders here as all individuals or organisations that might be affected by the systematic map work or its findings [43, 44], and thus broadly includes researchers and the Working and Advisory Group for this project. The main conclusions from the review are as follows. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Although our systematic mapping spanned 8 countries across the Arctic and boreal regions, we were restricted in the resources available for screening non-English articles from bibliographic databases (although grey literature searching and screening was performed across multiple languages; Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish). Simon M. Canadian Inuit: where we have been and where we are going. Recycling, improving legislation and regulations, proper environmental management systems, proper mines closure and site reclamation . Such studies will require approaches that take the whole social-ecological-technological system into account [66], while filling such more holistically-oriented studies with details on specific aspects will require the types of research reviewed in this paper. randomised control trials) designs for stronger evidence of causality, Cumulative impacts and multiple pressures, including effects related to a changing climate, Impacts on local and Indigenous communities, especially social, cultural, and health-related. There is thus an urgent need for transparent and robust approaches to collate and describe the nature of research evidence on the environmental and social impacts of mining and its mitigation measures. CAS ROSES_flowchart: R package and Shiny app for generating systematic review and map flow diagrams (Version 0.0.1). The Will to drill. Copper may also enter the environment through natural processes, such as volcanic eruptions, windblown dusts, decaying vegetation, and forest . Veiga MM, Hinton JJ. The evidence was relatively evenly spread across topics, but there was a bias towards research in Canada (35% of the evidence base). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 10.1 INTRODUCTION Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process, used to identify the environmental, social and economic impacts of a project prior to decision-making. 2011;6(4):e18875. It is also interesting we found no research examining the EIA process itself, including its effectiveness, and no explicit examination of the proposed mitigation measures from EIAs. Strip mining, underground mining, open pit mining, heap leaching, and brine mining might all be more environmentally damaging forms of mining Strip Mining . All the relevant parameter like: air quality, noise levels, local unemployment, crime, degradation etc has to be assessed prior to mining in feasibility report . * If the mining sites are near bodies of water chemicals can also poison the water and the fish, it can also destroy beautiful coral reefs. Haley S, et al. In order to reduce the adverse effects of ocean mining for our environment, countries all over the world have to work together to prevent excessive deep-sea mining. Int J. Climate change is also a significant impact category for alluvial and open-pit mining. The enormous Ok Tedi Mine in Papua New Guinea is a perfect example of how nearby areas can be significantly impacted by the erosion of exposed slopes, mine dumps, tailings dams, and the resulting siltation of drainages, creeks, and rivers. The politics of Arctic resources: Change and continuity in the Old North of Northern Europe. We have produced an interactive database along with interactive visualisations, and identify knowledge gaps and clusters using heat maps. Lithium mining can cause soil, water, and air pollution if done without proper management and regulation. Full descriptions of the mitigation measures encountered are provided in the map database (Additional File 8). water treatment and ecological restoration) can have positive net effects on the environment [23]. The company, for instance, is motivated by profit and may not be as concerned with the environmental impact of their operations as compared to those people in the community who does not have any economic . Koivurova T, et al. Lindahl KB, et al. Better assessment processes will not solve conflict over land use but would at least make decisions about acceptable risks and opportunities more transparent. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. For instance, in regards to coal mining, underground mining has different impacts compared to open cut mines. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2017;6(1):11. . Haddaway NR. James KL, et al. Water pollution effect on population health in an industrial northern region. Experienced impacts of mining in Sodankyl: follow-up study. It is hoped that the conclusion of this study will enable Nigeria to put in place and enforce certain minimum environmental standards for solid mineral exploration and exploitation. Accessed 4 Oct, Sveriges Geologiska Underskning. Consistency checking on a further set of 39 articles, resulting in only 7 disagreements (=0.62). Kabir H, Bilgi C. Ontario gold miners with lung cancer: occupational exposure assessment in establishing work-relatedness. Mining and The Environment Essay examples. Research most commonly focused on operation stages, followed by abandonment and post-closure, with little evidence on early stages (prospecting, exploration, construction; 2%), expansion (0.2%), or decommissioning/closure (0.3%). Haddaway NR, et al. 2011;66(4):87991. Mining can yield a range of benefits to societies, but it may also cause conflict, not least in relation to above . The Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG) of the Arctic Council. If there will be a significant impact, mitigation measures are required by law in most countries to be implemented and monitored. These impacts have numerous effects imposed on society. Outcome Any and all outcomes observed in social and environmental systems described in the literature were iteratively identified and catalogued. In addition to identifying critical knowledge gaps, the mapping and potential updates of the map thus serve as an important resource for more holistic environmental and social impact assessment that will be essential for (1) protecting the environment, (2) ensuring that the local social consequences of mining are indeed positive also in the longer term, and (3) helping ensure that the mining permit processes do not stall in drawn-out conflicts due to limited (or contested) knowledge about potential impacts. Stockholm Environment Institute, Linngatan 87D, Stockholm, Sweden, Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Mncheberg, Germany, Africa Centre for Evidence, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa, Canadian Centre for Evidence-Based Conservation, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada, Adrienne Smith,Jessica J. Taylor,Christopher Andrews&Steven J. Cooke, Lule University of Technology, 971 87, Lule, Sweden, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 96101, Rovaniemi, Finland, You can also search for this author in There is thus a need for improved understanding of the consequences of mining on their lands, waters, and communities. U&U-GHENT. Negative effects include impacts on human health [e.g. Searches identified over 32,000 potentially relevant records, which resulted in a total of 585 articles being retained in the systematic map. Full-texts were screened by four reviewers [NRH, JJT, AS and Amanda Jeansen (AJ)], with a first round of screening resulting in 18/30 article agreement across all four coders. The most commonly studied extraction stage was operation (n=276), followed by abandonment (n=164), post-closure (n=114), and remediation (n=60) (see Fig. We also thank Mistra EviEM for co-funding the first Advisory Group meeting and publication fees for the systematic map protocol. Exploration, construction, operation, and maintenance of mines can change land-use substantially, and may negatively affect environments, for example through deforestation, erosion, contamination and alteration of soil profiles, contamination of local streams and wetlands, and an increase in noise level, dust and emissions [1,2,3,4,5]. The resources we need are valuable in everyday life. PLoS ONE. Following full text screening, 538 articles were retained. Conclusion. 2. Water samples from the Abra River were found to have low level pH (acidic) capable of solubilizing heavy metals. Analysis of the validity of studies was not possible in this map, given the wide diversity of data types and study designs (spanning social and environmental science). In general, the environmental impact of this type . The irony here is that non-miners are mostly affected by these environmental impacts than the miners themselves. Specialist searches (see below) were performed in other languages. Chapter Bibliographic databases Searches for relevant research evidence were conducted between 27 and 29th November 2018 using the 21 bibliographic databases shown in Table 2. We found 45 of the 49 benchmark based on search term presence in titles, abstracts and keywords (see Additional File 4). Eligible comparator For quantitative research; the absence of metal mining or metal mining mitigation measureseither prior to an activity or in an independent, controlled location lacking such impacts. Similarly, a total of 473 articles reported data from environmental systems, whilst 112 reported data from social systems. As the demand for uranium grows, so too do the hazards associated with uranium mining. Mining activities are the integral part of societal development. Despite this lag from searching to publication, we believe our map is still a valuable assessment of the state of the evidence base, particularly since our assessment of publication rates herein suggested a linear rather than exponential increase in relevant publications over time. However, the mitigation of mine impacted environmental and social issues warrant a corrective action . 13). Top 5 Environmental Impacts of Strip Mining. 2016;5(1):113. The number of articles reporting study contexts. The Environmental Impacts of cryptomining. Potential leaks and spills of fuel and toxic products also contribute to pollution. volume11, Articlenumber:30 (2022) All interactive files and visualisations are provided through the dedicated project website; https://3mkproject.github.io/. Assessment of possible ecologodemographic effects of air emissions by the example of Karelia. 4. The mining sector in Ghana consists of both small-scale and large-scale mining, each of which has varying environmental impacts. Pollution of water in the surrounding water bodies due to leaching from overburden dumps and due to the pollutants from the other activities. Prospecting, exploration, construction, expansion, and decommissioning/closure were studied far less frequently (n=17). Exploring conflicts over mine establishments in the Swedish mountain region. Environmental impact assessment in the Arctic: a guide to best practice. Mining can directly and indirectly affect social and environmental systems in a range of positive and negative ways, and may result in societal benefits, but may also cause conflicts, not least in relation to land use. However, despite the clear importance of this topic, there has been little rigorous synthesis of research knowledge in Arctic and boreal regions (although see [42] for a review with high susceptibility to bias on the topic). Image: UNEP. To address these sustainability concerns, solutions such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, e-waste management, and water conservation can be implemented. Any further synthesis of these research studies should be sensitive to this bias. 1. Where coding is not applicable, NA was recorded. While some methods have less impact than others, it almost always has a serious and lasting environmental impact. In Russia, the majority of articles focused on operation, with very few on post-closure or remediation relative to Canada and Sweden. 2015;13(6):31624. 2014;41:915. Typically, these measures should be considered and described in environmental and social impact assessments (EIAs and SIAs) conducted before major activities, such as resource extraction, begin [26,27,28]. Cookies policy. Protecting the environment and human health is the prevention method. However, the adoption of the environmental management tools such as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), and the harnessing of best practices valorizing local knowledge are still lacking. Learn More. Consequently, the exploitation and mining of lithium has generated much interest from various sectors of industry and society. Human health risk assessment of mercury vapor around artisanal small-scale gold mining area, Palu city, Central Sulawesi Indonesia. Systems are depicted by the bubble colour. However, many mining techniques still in use can have serious impacts on both the mining site itself and the surrounding environment. We have summarised the review process in a ROSES flow diagram, using the ROSES flow diagram R package [51]. Conclusions: The is a substantial difference in environmental impacts between the two mining systems: the quantified total environmental impact was 1.0 10 points for the open-pit mine and 2.4 10 points for the alluvial mine. Santiago: Collaboration for Environmental Evidence; 2018. Stakeholders and rightsholders were invited to a specific meeting (held at Stockholm Environment Institute in September 2018) to help refine the scope, define the key elements of the review question, finalise a search strategy, and suggest sources of evidence, and also to subsequently provide comments on the structure of the final protocol [45]. Given the inherent connection between mineral development and the Indigenous rightsholders of the north it is also important to ensure that research and synthesis activities are done in ways that involve them and respect their sovereignty, knowledge systems, and cultures. Numbers are not mutually exclusive and include articles studying multi-ore mines. Although this is to be expected, perhaps, given the systems studied, the causal inference of these designs is poor and could be strengthened with randomised control trial study designsparticularly for impact evaluations of mitigation measures which were completely lacking. Knowledge gaps and clusters are highlighted by visually analysing cross tabulations and discussing candidate groups amongst the review team. This is in contrast to many other topics that seem to be experiencing a near exponential increase in published articles; perhaps because of the long and consistent history of mining relative to other topics, such as fossil fuel extraction. J Geochem Explor. Karvinen PA, Rantakallio S. Good practices for environmental impact assessment and meaningful engagement in the Arcticincluding good practice recommendations. Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide, Eugene, Oregon. We identified a large evidence base with a long history. Extracting home in the oil sands. Rybakov DS. The number of articles in the map reporting multiple extraction stages, arranged by order of stages investigated. The paper mainly focused on the mining activities in Prestea in the western region of the country. Measured outcomes should be linkable to mining activities or their mitigation measures in the Arctic, irrespective of the scale of the intervention/exposure. This should make us consider our ever-growing drive to have these gemstones, as the process from discovery to delivery is not an environmentally friendly one. The majority of articles focused on Canada (n=317), followed by Russia (n=84) and Sweden (n=72). This was deemed to be an appropriate retrieval level considering the complementary searching outlined above. Environ Evid 11, 30 (2022). 2019;8(1):111. 2021;8(4):101011. Copper was the most commonly reported metal (n=208), followed by gold (n=162) and zinc (n=141) (see Fig. . Google Scholar. We included a further 47 articles from pre-screened resources (websites and review bibliographies). The Chinese government adopted more specific and stringent environmental impact assessment (EIA) guidelines in 2011, soon after the widespread ethnic protests against coal mining in Inner Mongolia. The Environmental Impact of Mining The environmental impact of mining is dependent on several factors, including the extraction technique and where the mine is situated. The broader 3MK project aims to develop a multiple evidence base methodology [46] combining systematic review approaches with documentation of Indigenous and local knowledge and to apply this approach in a study of the impacts of metal mining and impacts of mitigation measures. 2017;4(1):2435. Social license to operate: a relevant term in Northern European mining? Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Mitigation measures were not frequently studied (18% articles), with groundwater mitigation most frequently investigated (54% of mitigations), followed by soil quality (12%) and flora species groups (10%). Some examples of substances that are mined include coal, gold, or iron ore.Iron . 10, demonstrating that the most common comparator was a reference site/population (n=254), followed by background values (n=149). 12). However, meta-data referring to study setting and design were extracted that could aid future study validity assessments and synthesis of studies on sub-topics of interest identified from our systematic map exercise.
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