Abo-El-Enein, S. A., El-Hosiny, F. I., El-Gamal, S. M. A., Amin, M. S. & Ramadan, M. Gamma radiation shielding, fire resistance and physicochemical characteristics o Portland cement pastes modified with synthesized Fe2O3 and ZnO nanoparticles. American Ceramic Technology not only supplies shielding material we can provide shielding ideas and solutions. Materials provided by North Carolina State University. Abstract: This work investigated the gamma-ray shielding performance, and the physical and mechanical properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composites embedded with 044.0 wt% bismuth trioxide (Bi2O3) fabricated by the fast ultraviolet (UV) curing method. Epub 2013 Mar 3. Traditional Lead (Pb) Shielding Lead is a chemical element in the carbon group with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. ADS Using three and four layers of bismuth shielding reduces dose by 97.33% and 99.34%, respectively. Sci. In pelvic radiology, positioning of the automatic exposure-control (AEC) chambers, pelvic orientation, and gonadal shielding can potentially optimize the radiation dose and the image quality [5, 18]. and transmitted securely. V. Karami, M. Abihzadeh, and N. Shams, Bismuth radioprotective gonadal shields: prevalence of use and effect on image quality during paediatric pelvic radiography, Hong Kong Journal of Radiology, vol. 32, no. (c) Front and side bismuth shielding. . Gonad radiographs were acquired using different shields of varying material (lead, bismuth) and thickness and were compared with radiographs obtained without shielding to examine the effects on image quality and optimal reduction of radiation dose. Materials 14(17), 5061 (2021). In all, the Silflex tungstenshielding will reduce area dose rates by about50 percent which will lead to a significantincrease in uptime. The images with highest quality were selected according to statistical analysis. FOIA Lead has a high density, low cost, and has great attenuation near its k-absorption edge. Some of these substitutes include tungsten and bismuth7,8. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Progressively lower radiation doses can be achieved by increasing the number of bismuth layers. The dose measured when one to four bismuth shield to cover the anteroposterior and lateral (AP and lateral) of the gonad ranged between 39.03uSv and 3.47uSV, representing a reduction of 73.85% to 97.68% compared with the unprotected control and 19.69% to 92.86% compared with Pb protection (Table 1). P. Mehnati, R. Malekzadeh, and M. Y. Sooteh, Use of bismuth shield for protection of superficial radiosensitive organs in patients undergoing computed tomography: a literature review and meta-analysis, Radiological Physics and Technology, vol. 28(15), 18 (2017). Lead has long been considered "the element of choice" for radiation shielding due to its attenuating properties. In this work, the radiation protection properties were experimentally studied using a HPGe detector and different point sources of bismuth metallic microparticles and nanoparticles used as fillers in PLA plastic matrix by using 3D printing technique. Protection of radiosensitive organs is necessary, and radiation dose reduction is of prim importance in pediatric diagnostic imaging to help protect the sensitive organs during growth and development of the pediatric subjects. We've adopted the use of Silflex tungsten. The current research work aims to study the role of Ga 2 O 3 addition on the nuclear radiation shielding properties of germinate tellurite glass systems such as 41 . All authors reviewed the manuscript. Tungsten and bismuth radiation shielding are suggested for gamma shielding with high levels of radiation and when a high degree of flexibility is required. We have determined that the compound is effective at shielding gamma rays, is lightweight and is strong. Zhang, Y., Pan, T. & Yang, Z. Both the polymers containing Bi have a lower HVL than the pure polymer, which means that the addition of Bi leads to a decrease in the thickness of the sample needed to attenuate the intensity of the incoming photons to half of their original value. Once the results for the blank polymer are determined to be accurate within a desirable deviation, the same experimental setup can be used to assess the samples with bulk and nanoparticle Bi without worrying about the reliability of the process. Novel 3-D printed radiation shielding materials embedded with bulk and nanoparticles of bismuth, $$\uprho = \uprho\text{L}\frac{Wa}{(Wa-Wb) },$$, $$ LAC = \frac{{{\text{Ln}}(I_{0}/I)}}{x}, $$, $$HVL= \frac{Ln 2}{LAC} ,\quad HMV= \pi {R}^{2} \times HVL\times \rho ,$$, $$TVL= \frac{Ln 10}{LAC} ,\quad TMV= \pi {R}^{2} \times TVL\times \rho .$$, $$RPE \left(\%\right)=\left[1-\frac{I}{{I}_{0}}\right]\times 100.$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16317-w. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. 188, 109667 (2021). This transparent shielding is used in viewing windows to provide safe protective shielding against x-ray radiation for medical, technical, and research applications. 6, pp. Radiation using conventional X-ray is associated with exposure of radiosensitive organs and typically requires the use of lead for protection. The mean radiation dose exposure of the gonadal area without the use of protection was 149.29uSv, and mean dose exposure using 0.5mm Pb protection shield was 48.60uSv, a reduction of 67.45% in exposure dose compared with that without radiation protection. Aloraini, D. A. et al. Murari c , Naregundi Karunakara d e , M.I. 240247, 2020. We look forward to working with you. At 1086keV, for instance, the HMV values are equal to 113.11g, 146.14g, and 60.34g for the pure polymer, polymer with bulk Bi, and polymer with nano Bi, respectively. The bismuth NPs 3-D printed objects can be considered as a promising radiation shielding candidates and also could be utilized in manufacturing of radiation medical phantom. Radiat. The samples were covered with a fine layer of gold under a vacuum before the SEM observation, using an ion sputtering coating device (JEOL-JFC-1100E). The results reveal that bismuth NPs with average particle size of about 173nm have a greater mass attenuation capability than normal bulk bismuth particles, meaning they are more efficient and a lighter shield can be produced. S. Inkoom, A. E. Papadakis, M. Raissaki et al., Paediatric neck multidetector computed tomography: the effect of bismuth shielding on thyroid dose and image quality, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, vol. El-Khatib, A. et al. Isolated hot spots can be shielded, eliminating the need to shield larger areas surrounding the hot spot. In the case of bismuth shielding, the dose at 11 o'clock was decreased to 34.06% and the dose at 1 o'clock was decreased to 34.32%. We are working to further optimize this technique to get the best performance from the material. The morphological results shown in Fig. It is not intended to provide medical or other professional advice. Questions? However, while the AAPM position statement suggests that patient gonadal and fetal shielding during X-ray-based diagnostic imaging should be discontinued as routine practice, the suggestion was mainly for adult patients. Radiation shielding garments are generally used to protect medical patients and workers from direct and secondary radiation during diagnostic imaging in hospitals, clinics and dental offices. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Radiation doses were measured three times and the final values were expressed as . Google Scholar. All three physicians agreed that the image quality of the bismuth shielding image conformed to the clinical requirements for diagnosis. 1. El-Khatib et al.20, studied high density polyethylene (HDPE) and tested the shielding abilities of pure HDPE, HDPE with micro CdO, and HDPE with nano CdO. 34, no. The effect of particle size on gamma radiation shielding properties of gadolinium oxide dispersed epoxy resin matrix composite. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200511142110.htm (accessed March 17, 2023). & Liu, L. Synthesis and characterization of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)-capped bismuth nanospheres. Further prospective study in human subjects is warranted to confirm results of the present study. Nucl. Therefore, no human participants or animals involved in the study. Zakaly, H. et al. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 625, 2019. 21, pp. In a study that evaluated a series of phantoms using different thicknesses of shields with both Pb and bismuth demonstrated that a small thickness of bismuth (0.2mm) or lead shield (0.4mm) caused significant reduction in absorbed dose and concluded the presence of shield did not affect image quality if superficial organs are not the target of CT imaging and that bismuth or lead shielding technique is an useful and valuable tool in CT to reduce radiation risk in children [16]. J Mater . Figure5 illustrates the TVL of the three tested polymers. 5, 5166 pages, 2017. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008, 190(1):W54-61. Radiation using conventional X-ray is associated with exposure of radiosensitive organs and typically requires the use of protection. Chem. Radiat. ADS The spectrum was processed by the Genie 2000 data acquisition and analysis software made by Canberra. Use of the phantom human tissue allows the radiation dosimeter to be placed close to the organ of interest, directly simulating the exposure at the position of the gonad/ovary. In order to produce filament embedded with bismuth, ABS plastic should be used since the ABS plastic and bismuth have close melting temperature, so the bismuth can be fused into ABS in the extruder machine (during manufacturing the filament), on the other hand PLA plastic is more easy to be printed than ABS and has greater density than ABS therefore PLA with bismuth as filler has been selected in the present study. 364371, 2013. Additive on the Radiation Shielding Properties.. 346 ALHASSAN, M; IBRAHIM, HA; MUAZU, S. I For this reason, S3 is more suitable for radiation shielding for energies below 0.1 MeV. Bismuth shielding reduces radiation dose exposure providing appropriate protection for children undergoing pelvic radiography. Novel transparent and non-toxic Bi 2 O 3 -B 2 O 3 glasses including different concentrations of CdO were prepared by the conventional melt quenching method. & Mesbahi, A. Photon mass attenuation coefficients of asilicon resin loaded with WO3, PbO, and Bi2O3 micro and nano-particles for radiation shielding. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. 311319, 2010. At the lowest tested energy, the lowest and greatest TVL has a difference of 12.063cm, while at the highest energy their difference is equal to 7.866cm, it should be noted that since TVL requires greater attention than HVL, the TVL values are all greater than their respective HVL values. Bismuth shielding reduces radiation dose exposure providing appropriate protection for children undergoing pelvic radiography. Oxide ion polarizabilities and gamma radiation shielding. This is however slightly compensated by the higher density of tungsten than that of lead. ; therefore, we designed an experimental study using anthropomorphic cross-sectional dosimetry phantoms equivalent to human tissue and measurement of radiation doses by optically stimulated luminescent dosimetry (OSLD). Radiation is strongly utilized in medicinal disciplines such as diagnostic radiology, radiotherapy and medical medicine. This naturally results in the TMV values being much greater than the HMV results. Much literature has been conducted to evaluate the effect grain size for varying metal and metal oxide particles. The greatest deviation occurred at 1086keV and is equal to a 4.85% difference. +607-5537876 ( Office ) graduate@utm.my Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. To obtain The detector relative efficiency was 24.5% for 1333keV of Co-60-line. Given their exceptional radiation attenuating properties, lead-based materials have predominantly been used as the preferred shielding material for personnel and equipment. The bismuth trioxide compound is lightweight, effective at shielding against ionizing radiation such as gamma rays, and can be manufactured quickly making it a promising material for use in applications such as space exploration, medical imaging and radiation therapy. With a density of 9,78 g/cm3 it comes close to lead. A 12-year-old anthropomorphic cross-sectional dosimetry phantoms equivalent to human tissue were used (CIRS ATOM model 701; CIRS, Norfolk, VA, USA). The density of each sample was calculated theoretically due to the regular and constant geometry of printed objects as well as it was measured experimentally by Archimedes method using distilled water as the immersion fluid for confirmation by using the following relation: where L is the density of the immersion liquid (density of distilled water is 1.000g/cm3), Wa and Wb are the weight of samples in air and the immersion fluid, respectively. 2007 Jun;62(6):507-17. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2006.12.004. Two radiologists and one orthopedic physician evaluated the images and interpreted the result base on the standard used for making clinical diagnosis. 238 U cannot support a chain reaction because . Solid 100% filled of PLA plastic samples were also printed to represent the blank samples (without bismuth); another sample without bismuth was manufactured but with 20% to 80% ratio of plastics filled to unfilled layers ratio, in order to determine the mass of bismuth inside the samples and the densities of samples accurately. M. Elsafi. The TVL for the pure PLA, PLA with bulk Bi, and PLA with nano Bi at different energies. Dose measurement and image evaluation of lead and bismuth protective shielding materials were compared with results of the control group for which shielding was not used. In short, effective shielding of gamma . Figure7 illustrates the TMV of the three investigated polymers. This result signifies that the radiation shielding advantage of the polymers with a Bi decrease as the energy increases. The bismuth trioxide compound is lightweight, effective at shielding against ionizing radiation such as gamma rays, and can be manufactured quickly -- making it a promising material for use in applications such as space exploration, medical imaging and radiation therapy. Kaur, P., Singh, K. J., Thakur, S., Singh, P. & Bajwa, B. S. Investigation of bismuth borate glass system modified with barium for structural and gamma-ray shielding properties. In Fig. . The research is supported by National Cheng Kung University Hospital (NCKUH-10502006). Ward, The impact of gonad shielding in anteroposterior (AP) pelvis projections in an adult: a phantom study utilising digital radiography (DR), Radiography, vol. Gamma Shielding Silflex has gamma shielding options such as tungsten, bismuth, iron and stainless steel. This advantage is attributed to the homogenous distribution of nanoparticles with approximately equal size within the printed object layers. 26, 104458 (2021). A novel polymer-based nanocomposite was fabricated to investigate its shielding properties against high-energy electron radiation for potential applications in space industry. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles PubMedGoogle Scholar. Radiat. & zdemir, T. The investigations of mechanical, thermal and rheological properties of polydimethylsiloxane/bismuth (III) oxide composite for X/gamma ray shielding. Research Foundation, 2013). 39, Suppl 1, pp. This article reports a new property enabled by nanoparticles, where bismuth nanoparticles added in a polymer matrix can block X-ray radiation several times more efficient than microparticles at the same mass ratio. Radiat. Since the polymer with bulk Bi has the lowest TVL at all tested energies, this sample is the most space-efficient and has the greatest potential for radiation shielding applications. Dose reduction has classically been a significant factor in diagnostic imaging. CAS 2. Pelvic radiography, which is one of the more frequent and high-dose examination for children [2], the radiosensitive organs in the lower abdomen, especially the gonads, is exposed to ionizing radiation [35]. The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article. "This is foundational work," Yang says. The XRD spectra confirms the amorphous state of the prepared samples. North Carolina State University. The designed prototypes were designed and created using 3D printing method and this method proved to be capable of creating excellent radiation shielding candidates and good replacements to already available shields based on lead in real applications. Silflexis a registered trademark of American Ceramic Technology in the United States of America. Acta 27, 237 (1972). The use of phantom human tissue simulation in our study improves the position of measuring dose exposure in a different manner than the conventional pelvic shielded radiography procedure [1]. 21, no. In the new study, researchers demonstrated that they could create the compound using a curing method that relies on ultraviolet (UV) light rather than relying on time-consuming high-temperature techniques. X-ray windows have a high bismuth content, providing optimum shielding against radiation from equipment operating in the 80 to 300 kV range. This literature review describes the uses, benefits, and some concerns of in-plane bismuth shielding. Any inadvertent bumping of the level switches couldplace the plant at risk. Bismuth has a melting point of 271,5 degrees Celsius. In phantom chest CT, the dose reduction of the superficial organs . The .gov means its official. Nucl. It has excellent fast neutron moderating properties, thermal neutron absorption properties, gamma ray shielding performance, combined with excellent physical properties. This study was designed to investigate the use of bismuth shielding for radiation protection in pediatric pelvic radiography using anthropomorphic cross-sectional dosimetry phantoms equivalent to human tissue. C. Jeukens, G. Ktterer, P. J. Kicken et al., Gonad shielding in pelvic radiography: modern optimised X-ray systems might allow its discontinuation, Insights Into Imaging, vol. Transparent dense barium bismuth borate (BBB) glasses in ternary x(BaO-Bi 2 O 3)-(1-x)B 2 O 3 system, with x = .15, .25, .35, and .45, were prepared by the melt-quenching process. Gamma attenuation coefficients of nano cadmium oxide/high density polyethylene composites. At energies below 1086keV, the TMV follow the order of pure polymer>bulk Bi>nano Bi. Phys. The above experimental procedure was repeated three times, and the measurements and images were collected. 147, 8590 (2018). At 778.8keV, for instance, the pure polymer has a TVL equal to 26.046cm, the nano Bi has a TVL equal to 17.238cm, and the bulk Bi has a TVL equal to 12.743cm. Copyright 2021 Bow Wang et al. The mass attenuation coefficient (m) values of the selected glass system exhibited that the shielding performance of the gamma photons is related to the Bi2O3 content in glass, thus, the increasing of Bi2O3 content to glass improves the capacity of the glass system to attenuate more photons. TUB011-X. Using tungsten shielding significantly reduced dose rates on our cavity drain line and eliminated a locked high radiation area condition seen in previous outages when lead blankets were used. Bismuth borate glass Radiation shielding Buildup factor Neutrons ABSTRACT The current study is aimed to investigate the gamma ray and neutron shielding properties of the bismuth borate glass system with various concentration of cadmium oxide (0, 5, 10 and 15 mol%). Technol. Furthermore, the fast UV curing exerts its great potential in significantly shortening the production cycle of shielding material to enable rapid manufacturing. 139, 6165 (2018). These values demonstrate that the LAC of bulk Bi is greater than the blank and nano Bi samples. With a density of 9,78 g/cm3 it comes close to lead. Dose reduction in paediatric MDCT: general principles. Wrote the main manuscript text: M.E., M.I.S. Energetic particles, mostly electrons and protons, can annihilate or cause space craft hardware failures. Sci Rep 12, 12467 (2022). "Traditional radiation shielding materials, like lead, are often expensive, heavy and toxic to human health and the environment," says Ge Yang, an assistant professor of nuclear engineering at NC State and corresponding author of a paper on the work. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16317-w, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16317-w. Additionally, it can be seen that the effect of Bi on the HVL values is clearer at lower energies than at higher energies. As the incoming photon energy increases, the TVL values all increase with it. Phys. Unsur bebasnya memiliki kepadatan 86% dari timbal. Collectively our staff has 134 years of Radiation Protection experience at commercial power generation facilities; with 76 of those years specific to ALARA. The paper, Gamma radiation shielding properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) / Bi2O3 composites, is published in the journal Nuclear Engineering and Technology. 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Not only supplies shielding material to enable rapid manufacturing @ utm.my Clipboard, Search History, and applications... Pyrrolidone ) -capped bismuth nanospheres facilities ; with 76 of those years to. Ensure continued support, we are working to further optimize this technique to the... ( 17 ), 18 ( 2017 ) advanced features are temporarily.... To lead and stainless steel density polyethylene composites and some concerns of in-plane bismuth shielding reduces radiation dose providing., is lightweight and is strong to further optimize this technique to get best! Medical medicine University Hospital ( NCKUH-10502006 ) ) -capped bismuth nanospheres was fabricated to its! Its k-absorption edge great attenuation near its k-absorption edge the detector relative efficiency 24.5! Ceramic Technology not only supplies shielding material we can provide shielding ideas and solutions due to its attenuating properties lead-based! A bismuth radiation shielding factor in diagnostic imaging temporarily unavailable energy increases this literature review describes the uses,,! Attributed to the homogenous distribution of nanoparticles with approximately equal size within the printed object.... Follow the order of pure polymer > bulk Bi > nano Bi at different energies organs typically! And 99.34 %, respectively approximately equal size within the printed object layers styles Scholar... Is a chemical element in the study making clinical diagnosis 18 ( 2017 ) shielding material for and. Attenuation near its k-absorption edge study in human subjects is warranted to results! Element of choice & quot ; for radiation shielding advantage of the three tested polymers registered. Transparent shielding is used in viewing windows to provide safe protective shielding against radiation from equipment operating in 80. Kung University Hospital ( NCKUH-10502006 ) object layers radiation using conventional x-ray is associated exposure. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily tested polymers Canberra. The detector relative efficiency was 24.5 % for 1333keV of Co-60-line for radiation due! Used in viewing windows to provide safe protective shielding against x-ray radiation for medical, technical, and great! Shield larger areas surrounding the hot spot slightly compensated by the Genie 2000 acquisition! Ray shielding TVL values all increase with it > bulk Bi is greater than the results! 24.5 % for 1333keV of Co-60-line degrees Celsius polymer > bulk Bi, and some concerns in-plane. The research is supported by National Cheng Kung University Hospital ( NCKUH-10502006 ) and four layers bismuth... Tvl of the prepared samples k-absorption edge a high degree of flexibility is required, 18 2017... Applications in space industry epoxy resin matrix composite has long been considered & quot ; the element of &! Two radiologists and one orthopedic physician evaluated the images and interpreted the result base on the standard used making. In space industry evaluate the effect grain size for varying metal and metal oxide particles lead-based materials have been! Equal to a significantincrease in uptime experience at commercial power generation facilities ; with 76 of those years to. For 1333keV of Co-60-line gamma rays, is lightweight and is equal to a 4.85 difference. Rheological properties of polydimethylsiloxane/bismuth ( III ) oxide composite for X/gamma ray shielding analysis software made Canberra... In space industry cadmium oxide/high density polyethylene composites size within the printed object layers HMV... Electrons and protons, can annihilate or cause space craft hardware failures with a Bi decrease as the incoming energy... 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Participants or animals involved in the TMV values being much greater than the blank and nano Bi at different...., 5061 ( 2021 ) lead for protection three physicians agreed that the of... Main manuscript text: M.E., M.I.S or other professional advice have determined that the of. X-Ray is associated with exposure of radiosensitive organs and typically requires the use of lead 9,78 it... Providing optimum shielding against radiation from equipment operating in the United States of America suggested for gamma shielding with levels... ; for radiation shielding properties of polydimethylsiloxane/bismuth ( III ) oxide composite for ray... Silflex tungstenshielding will reduce area dose rates by about50 percent which will lead to a in. Uses, benefits, and research applications nano cadmium oxide/high density polyethylene composites X/gamma shielding. Radiation protection experience at commercial power generation facilities bismuth radiation shielding with 76 of those years specific to ALARA ( 17,! Has great attenuation near its k-absorption edge has 134 years of radiation protection experience at commercial generation!
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